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Pour se nourrir, l'Indonésie risque une déforestation massive

AFP •22/04/2025

Pour ne plus dépendre des importations de riz et nourrir ses 280 millions d'habitants, l'Indonésie a lancé un vaste projet visant à l'autosuffisance alimentaire mais qui, en Papouasie, risque de se traduire, selon des ONG, par la plus grande déforestation au monde.

L'ampleur réelle du projet est difficile à déterminer et même les déclarations du gouvernement sur sa taille varient.

Au minimum, l'objectif est de planter plusieurs millions d'hectares de riz et de canne à sucre dans la région de Merauke, en Papouasie, région reculée de l'est de l'Indonésie.

Menaçant des espèces en danger ainsi que les engagements climatiques de Jakarta, le projet risque aussi d'accentuer les violations des droits humains dans une région en proie à des troubles et à des abus militaires présumés, sur fond d'insurrection séparatiste.

La déforestation est déjà en cours, avec plus de 11.000 hectares défrichés, soit plus que la superficie d'une ville comme Paris, indique Franky Samperante de l'ONG de défense de l'environnement et des droits des autochtones Yayasan Pusaka Bentala Rakyat.

L'analyse réalisée par le groupe Mighty Earth et la start-up The TreeMap montre les zones déjà défrichées, notamment des forêts primaires et secondaires naturelles sèches et marécageuses, ainsi que des forêts secondaires de mangrove et des zones de savane et de brousse.

"Habituellement, la déforestation résulte du fait que le gouvernement ne fait pas son travail", souligne pour l'AFP Glenn Hurowitz, responsable de Mighty Earth.

"Mais dans ce cas précis, c'est en fait l'Etat qui dit que nous voulons défricher certaines de nos dernières forêts, tourbières riches en carbone, habitats d'animaux rares", ajoute-t-il.
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L'Indonésie prévoit d'investir 40 mds USD en 2025 dans des projets énergétiques

AFP le 04 mars 2025

L'Indonésie prévoit d'investir 40 milliards de dollars dans une vingtaine de projets énergétiques en 2025, a annoncé mardi son ministre de l'Énergie, alors que le pays tente d'augmenter sa capacité de raffinage de matières premières.

Première économie d'Asie du Sud-Est, très dépendante du charbon, l'Indonésie est l'un des plus grands émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre au monde. Son président, Prabowo Subianto, s'est engagé récemment à éliminer progressivement la production d'électricité à partir du charbon et à atteindre zéro émission nette d'ici au milieu du siècle.

"Nous avons présenté environ 21 projets (...) pour un investissement total d'environ 40 milliards de dollars (38,1 milliards d'euros)", a déclaré le ministre de l'Energie, Bahlil Lahadalia, dans un communiqué publié mardi par le palais présidentiel après une rencontre avec M. Prabowo.

Ces projets répondent à un effort plus vaste visant à développer l'économie indonésienne et à créer des emplois en améliorant la capacité nationale de raffinage de matières premières allant du pétrole au nickel.

L'un de ces projets vise à utiliser le charbon pour produire du méthoxyméthane (DME), appelé aussi éther diméthylique, qui est une alternative au gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL).

"Nous ferons cela pour que le produit puisse réellement être commercialisé au niveau national comme substitut aux importations", a déclaré M. Bahlil, alors que l'essentiel du GPL vendu en Indonésie en 2023 était importé.

Les projets, dont ceux d'une raffinerie de pétrole et d'une installation de stockage, seront financés en partie par le nouveau fonds souverain de l'archipel, Danantara, lancé le mois dernier, qui contrôlera à terme plus de 900 milliards de dollars d'actifs, a-t-il ajouté.

"Le but de l'investissement est de créer des emplois de qualité, de la valeur ajoutée et d'augmenter les recettes de l'État et notre croissance économique nationale", a souligné M. Bahlil.

Le président Prabowo s'est engagé à porter la croissance annuelle de l'Indonésie de 5 à 8%, tout en ordonnant des milliards de dollars de coupes budgétaires dans l'ensemble des ministères afin de financer des promesses électorales, dont un coûteux programme de repas gratuits pour les scolaires et les femmes enceintes.

Les coupes budgétaires ont provoqué des manifestations étudiantes dans plusieurs grandes villes le mois dernier.

Inpex’s $20-Billion Indonesia LNG Project Draws High Buyer Interest

By Tsvetana Paraskova - Feb 26, 2025,

The planned Abadi LNG project in Indonesia has received interest from potential buyers to purchase gas from the facility in volumes exceeding the facility’s design capacity, according to the operator.

Japan’s oil and gas producer Inpex owns 65% of the Abadi gas project and plans a final investment decision (FID) for the facility by 2027.

The $20-billion Abadi LNG project has seen years of delays as it has had to change design concepts and then reorganize after supermajor Shell withdrew from the project nearly two years ago.

In 2023, Shell sold its 35% participating interest in Indonesia’s Masela Production Sharing Contract, which includes the Abadi gas project, to Indonesia’s PT Pertamina and Malaysia’s Petronas.

Inpex holds a 65% operating interest in Masela PSC and is the operator of the Abadi gas project, which is located in the Masela block, 150 kilometers (93 miles )offshore Saumlaki in Maluku province, Indonesia.

Inpex is confident it can proceed with the project without Shell, the Japanese company’s chief executive officer Takayuki Ueda told Reuters in an interview published on Wednesday.

Moreover, Inpex has so far received inquiries from potential customers of the project for volumes exceeding the planned capacity of up to 9.5 million metric tons of LNG per year, the executive said.

“Non-binding inquiries from (potential buyers in) Indonesia, China, Taiwan, and other Asian countries have already exceeded Abadi’s production volume,” Ueda told Reuters.

The Ichthys LNG project in Australia, which Inpex also operates and which began production in 2018, had Japanese firms accounting for 90% of its long-term buyers. But this high share of Japanese buyers is not expected to be the case of the Abadi project in Indonesia, due to strong demand from other markets, too, Ueda said.

Global LNG demand is set to surge by 60% through 2040, pushed up by Asia’s economic growth, the world’s biggest LNG trader, Shell, said in its annual LNG report earlier this week.

Saipem Wins Build Contract for $7B BP Gas-and-CCUS Project in Indonesia

by Jov Onsat|Rigzone Staff | Friday, November 29, 2024

A consortium between Saipem SpA and a local partner has won an offshore engineering, procurement, construction and installation (EPCI) contract for the BP PLC-led Tangguh Ubadari, CCUS, Compression (UCC) Project in Indonesia.

Earlier this month BP announced a $7 billion final investment decision (FID) to develop the Ubadari gas field to supply feedstock to the existing Tangguh liquefaction facility and build an associated carbon capture facility. The UCC project is in Papua Barat Province.

The EPCI contract awarded to Saipem and Jakarta-based PT Meindo Elang Indah amounts to about $1.2 billion. Saipem’s share is around $1 billion, the Italian offshore driller, which also provides engineering services to the oil, gas and offshore wind sectors, said in a press release.

“Saipem’s activities include the engineering, procurement, construction and installation of two wellhead production platforms, a wellhead platform for the re-injection of CO2 and approximately 90 km [55.92 miles] of associated pipelines”, it said.

“The platforms will be fabricated locally in Karimun, Saipem’s largest yard worldwide and one of the largest in the Southeast Asian region, with over 5,000 employees and approximately 1.4 million square meters area including the marine base and docks.

“The award of this important contract in Indonesia consolidates Saipem's position in the segments of natural gas and of CO2 capture and storage projects, thanks to a unique combination of world-class assets with engineering and technological know-how”.

BP expects to extract about three trillion cubic feet of gas in the Ubadari field to feed Tangguh LNG, which will “help meet growing energy demand in Asia”, the British energy major said in a statement November 22 announcing the FID.

Ubadari is expected to start production 2028. The liquefaction facility, which went online 2009, has been expanded last year with a third train, bringing Tangguh LNG’s total capacity to 11.4 million tons per annum.

Meanwhile the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) portion of the UCC project is expected to sequester approximately 15 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in its initial phase. The CCUS component will capture emissions from the gas portion of the project.

“This project not only unlocks a fantastic gas resource, it also represents an Indonesian first through the use of CCUS to maximize gas recovery”, BP chief executive Murray Auchincloss said.

Approved by the government August 2021, the UCC project will have three injection wells, one offshore injection platform, one offshore CO2 pipeline and onshore facilities for CO2 removal, processing and compression, BP said.

BP is the operator of the Tangguh production sharing contract (PSC) with a 40.22 percent stake. The partners are MI Berau B.V. (16.3 percent), CNOOC Muturi Ltd. (13.9 percent), Nippon Oil Exploration (Berau) Ltd. (12.23 percent), KG Berau Petroleum Ltd. (8.56 percent), Indonesia Natural Gas Resources Muturi Inc. (7.35 percent) and KG Wiriagar Petroleum Ltd. (1.44 percent). The Tangguh PSC encompasses the Berau, Muturi and Wiriagar PSCs.

In 2022 the Southeast Asian country extended the Tangguh PSC by 20 years to 2055.

China, Indonesia seal $10 billion in deals focused on green energy and tech

Reuters | November 10, 2024


President Prabowo visited China shortly after the inauguration for his first state visit. Image: China’s Foreign Ministry Spokesperson via X

China and Indonesia signed deals worth $10 billion at the Indonesia-China Business Forum in Beijing on Sunday, spanning sectors including food, new energy, technology, and biotechnology, Chinese state media reported.


The forum followed a meeting on Saturday between Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto, who is in China through Nov. 10, the first country he has visited since taking office last month.

Prabowo, who won Indonesia’s presidential election in February, also chose China for his first visit as president elect, underscoring Jakarta’s commitment to stronger strategic ties with Beijing.

In a joint statement after the leaders’ meeting, the countries agreed to enhance collaboration in sectors such as new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, photovoltaics, and the digital economy.

They also pledged to strengthen partnership on the global energy transition and jointly ensure the security of global mineral supply and industrial chains, the statement said.

Prabowo in a separate statement said he was optimistic close cooperation between the two countries would improve regional stability.

“We must set an example that in this era. Cooperation not confrontation is the path to peace and prosperity,” Prabowo said, adding Indonesia was committed to supporting Chinese investors.

On Sunday, Chinese battery materials producer GEM signed a deal with PT Vale Indonesia to build a high-pressure acid leaching plant in Central Sulawesi, partly to secure nickel resources, a Shenzhen filing showed. Prabowo witnessed the signing.

The nickel industry in Indonesia, the world’s largest producer of the metal, is dominated by Chinese companies including Tsingshan Holding Group and Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt.

In the tech sector, Indonesian tech firm GoTo Gojek Tokopedia signed agreements with China’s Tencent and Alibaba to develop cloud infrastructure and digital talent in Indonesia, Reuters reported earlier.

The two countries will introduce visa measures, including multi-entry long-term visas, and encourage more direct flights and destinations based on demand, the joint statement showed.

Other cooperation agreements signed during Prabowo’s visit include collaborations in housing and the export of fresh coconuts from Indonesia to China.

Indonesia Eyes to Build Oil Reserve of 10 Million Barrels

by Bloomberg|Chandra Asmara & Norman Harsono | Tuesday, September 03, 2024

Indonesia plans to set aside more than 10 million barrels of crude — about a 10th of global daily consumption — over the next decade as a buffer against energy shocks.

The government is also seeking almost 10 million barrels of gasoline and more than half a million tons of liquefied petroleum gas by 2035, depending on its financial capability, it said in a regulation outlining the plan.

Southeast Asia’s largest economy is seeking to boost its energy security in the face of geopolitical risks and one-off events that boosted oil price volatility last month. The former OPEC member is struggling with slumping crude production even as a growing population leads to increased demand. It plans to reduce consumption by limiting subsidized fuel sales and using more biofuels.

Eni receives approval for Geng North and Gehem gas projects in Indonesia
These approvals pave the way for the establishment of a new production hub, known as the Northern Hub, in the Kutei Basin

Staff Writer 26th Aug 2024

Eni has received approval from Indonesian authorities for the plan of development (POD) for its Geng North (North Ganal PSC) and Gehem (Rapak PSC) fields, as well as the Gendalo and Gandang fields (Ganal PSC).

These approvals pave the way for the establishment of a new production hub, known as the Northern Hub, in the Kutei Basin. Additionally, Eni has been granted a 20-year extension for the Indonesia deepwater development (IDD) licences covering the Ganal and Rapak blocks.

With these approvals, Eni is set to significantly enhance its production capabilities in the East Kalimantan region, targeting approximately two billion cubic feet per day (bcf/d) of gas and 80,000 barrels per day (bopd) of condensates.

This production will supply both domestic and international markets, leveraging existing infrastructure in the region, including the Bontang LNG plant and the Jangkrik floating production unit (FPU).

Eni CEO Claudio Descalzi said: “The approval of the Northern Hub and Gendalo & Gandang Plans of Development by the Indonesian authorities marks a crucial milestone towards the final investment decision (FID) for both gas projects, aligning with our decarbonisation and energy security strategy.

“The establishment of a new production hub in the Kutei Basin represents a significant shift for Eni in Indonesia. This outcome is the result of a consistent strategy that combines our exploration expertise with the acquisition of IDD and Neptune assets, providing us with a strong leadership position in a world-class basin, close to existing facilities and major markets.”

The Northern Hub POD includes the development of five trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas and 400 million barrels of condensates from the Geng North discovery, which Eni announced in October 2023.

The project also involves the development of the 1.6 TCF Gehem discovery through subsea wells, flowlines, and a newly constructed floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) unit.

This FPSO will have the capacity to process approximately one billion cubic feet per day (bcf/d) of gas and 80,000 barrels of condensates per day, with storage for one million barrels. Gas processed on the FPSO will be transported via pipelines to onshore facilities at Santan terminal and integrated into the East Kalimantan pipeline network.

Part of the gas will be liquefied at the Bontang LNG facility, with the remainder supplied to the domestic market. The FPSO will also stabilise and store condensates for evacuation via shuttle tankers.

In addition, the approved Gendalo and Gandang POD will develop two TCF of gas reserves in the Ganal PSC using subsea wells connected to the Jangkrik FPU. This development is expected to extend the Jangkrik gas production plateau, currently at approximately 750 million standard cubic feet per day (mmscf/d), by at least 15 years.

These developments result from Eni’s partnership with SKK Migas and are anticipated to have a substantial impact on local content. They will also increase the utilisation of the Bontang LNG plant’s capacity, ensuring a consistent supply of gas for domestic consumption.

Eni plans to undertake a drilling campaign over the next four to five years to explore the near-field potential within its operated blocks in the Kutei Basin. The area is estimated to hold over 30TCF of gas, with risks significantly mitigated following the Geng North discovery.

The Italian oil and gas firm operates the North Ganal Block – Geng North field with an 83.3% participating interest, while Agra Energi holds the remaining 16.7%. In the Ganal and Rapak blocks, Eni holds an 82% participating interest, with Tip Top as a partner holding the remaining 18%.

How Jakarta has dug itself into a hole

Published on May 17, 2023

Deep groundwater extraction wells are built by the business elites for commercial value. Better transparency will help manage them more sustainably.

Indonesia’s capital, Jakarta, is sinking.

In some places land subsidence is 20cm a year. Sea level rises are around 0.5cm/year. The rate of land subsidence is therefore far above that of sea-level rise; in some places, by a factor of 40. The sinking land, combined with sea level rise, increases the flood risk of the city as a whole.

Flood events have dramatically increased over the past century. In 1892, only two flood events were recorded. By 1960 that had risen to five. By 2010 that had leapt to 10.

This increase is not so much related to rainfall as the data for total monthly rainfall between 1860 – 2007 is flat. Jakarta’s increasing susceptibility to flood risk, therefore, cannot be attributed to climate change-induced changes in rainfall patterns.

Engineers and geoscientists have identified at least four factors as the cause of the sinking of Jakarta —excessive extraction of groundwater; the increasing weight of buildings; compaction of the young sediment alluvial soils on which the city is built; and tectonic activities.

The two biggest contributing factors are the excessive extraction of groundwater and the weight of buildings.

One study shows how these two most important causes of land subsidence are directly related to the specific ways in which uneven urbanisation unfolds in Jakarta – the gradual emergence of the city as a machine to squeeze profit for the already wealthy and well-connected elites.

The excessive extraction of groundwater is an extended form of the vertical expansion of the city, consisting of the pumping of ever deeper wells to supply the water needed to make life above ground possible.

There is a clear correlation between groundwater extraction and subsidence. In 1879, there were 42 groundwater wells within the city, whereas in 1968 there were 352. This means that in 89 years, the number of groundwater wells increased three times.

However, by 1998, there were 3,626 registered groundwater wells in Jakarta —10 times as many.

The city’s land subsidence has been a problem since the 1970s, in line with the period during which the total number of registered groundwater wells increased the most.

In terms of the weight of buildings, the built environment in Jakarta expanded horizontally with a sharp increase since the 1960s. From the 1770s to the 1960s, Jakarta’s modern-planned built area grew by only 17.7 percent. But by 2014, the modern-planned part of the city occupied 83.7 percent of the city’s total area, which means in around five decades, it grew by almost 65.5 percent.

It started with a coup

There is a clear pattern: land subsidence (starting to be a problem in the 1970s), the increase of groundwater wells and the expansion of the modern part of the city, all increased distinctively since the 1960s. These changes were all shaped by Indonesia’s political context.

Between 1965 and 1998, Indonesia was under the control of an authoritarian regime called the ‘New Order’, led by an army general, Suharto. Suharto came to power through a coup d’etat backed by the CIA, overthrowing Sukarno, the first Indonesian president.

Under Sukarno, Indonesia embraced a nationalist-left type of development, for example through an agrarian reform programme. Under Suharto, Indonesia embraced capitalist-centralised development with Jakarta at its epicentre.

How Jakarta’s land subsidence is shaped by and contributes to shaping the uneven urbanisation of the New Order regime is expressed in the causes of its sinking: vertical extended urbanisation through excessive groundwater extraction and horizontal expansion of the modern part of the city through offices, malls and residential areas.

Deep groundwater wells require more money to build and that’s why usually they are built by specific sectors which can afford them, such as hotels, malls and high-class residential developments. They are the main cause of subsidence; not the shallow groundwater wells used by the urban poor settlements.

Likewise, Jakarta’s heaviest buildings are in the commercial sectors which massively converted the green part of the city into myriad hotels, malls and luxury settlements. Many of the developers were identifiable as part of Suharto’s New Order crony capitalists.

Jakarta’s plight has its root in the way in which Indonesia, was governed from the beginning of the New Order regime to now.

Making groundwater extraction accountable – in terms of the total number of deep wells, their depth, the volume of extracted water, and the builders/ owners doing the extracting — is one possible solution to the problem.

Transparent governance of groundwater can then be done in tandem with the improvement of piped water services as part of a more centralised plan for Jakarta’s development beyond the uneven urbanisation of capitalist-controlled development.

GillesH38 a écrit : ↑

24 août 2024, 13:18

eh oh les crétins, c'est pas à cause du réchauffement climatique que Jakarta s'enfonce de 10 cm par an, le RC ça ne fait que + 3 mm par an !

L'Indonésie inaugure Nusantara, sa nouvelle capitale, une "ville-forêt" pas si verte

Article rédigé parMarie-Adélaïde Scigacz France Télévisions Publié le 17/08/2024



Dans les mois à venir, la ville, située sur l'île de Bornéo, accueillera ses premiers habitants : des ministres et des fonctionnaires, chargés de transférer le cœur du pouvoir de Jakarta à cette ville exemplaire. Du moins sur le papier.
La construction de Nusantara, en Indonésie, compte déjà des mois, voire des années de retard sur le calendrier. Qu'importe. Cette ville nouvelle, construite en partie sur d'anciennes plantations de palmiers à huile ou d'eucalyptus, devient samedi 17 août la nouvelle capitale du pays.
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Les autorités parient en tout cas sur le développement rapide de Nusantara. A l'horizon 2045, la nouvelle capitale doit compter une population de près de deux millions d'habitants.

La difficile transition énergétique de l'Indonésie

parue le 20 août 2024

En 2014, l'Indonésie a adopté un plan énergie-climat visant entre autres à porter à 23% la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique national à l'horizon 2025. État des lieux une décennie plus tard, alors que le pays doit actualiser ce plan.

En 2014, l'Indonésie a adopté un plan énergie-climat visant entre autres à porter à 23% la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique national à l'horizon 2025. État des lieux une décennie plus tard, alors que le pays doit actualiser ce plan.

Indonesia’s expansion of clean power can spur growth and equality (Ember, août 2024).

Le charbon au cœur du mix électrique indonésien
Au cours de la dernière décennie, la consommation de charbon dans le secteur électrique indonésien a quasiment doublé, alerte le think tank Ember dans son dernier rapport consacré à ce pays.

En 2023, les énergies renouvelables (installations hors réseau comprises) ont compté pour seulement 19% du mix électrique de l'Indonésie, avec une production annuelle de 65 TWh.

En l'absence de réacteur nucléaire, les 81% restants ont été générés par des centrales à combustible fossile, le charbon constituant de loin la première source d'électricité du pays (62% en 2023 avec une production annuelle de 217 TWh, soit plus de 3 fois plus que l'ensemble des filières renouvelables réunies).

Plus de renouvelables et une meilleure utilisation des centrales à charbon
Selon le ministère indonésien en charge de l'énergie et des ressources minières, la consommation nationale d'électricité pourrait croître de 4,8% à 5,2% par an d'ici à 2060 (et atteindre à cet horizon 1 846 à 2 152 TWh(1)). Or, l'Indonésie envisage d'atteindre la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2060 et que ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre atteignent un pic dès 2035.

Pour limiter la construction de nouvelles centrales à charbon, Ember souligne le besoin d'optimiser le fonctionnement des installations en service(2): le facteur de charge moyen des centrales à charbon en Indonésie est actuellement de 49% alors que le plan décennal pour l'électricité (RUPTL) mise sur un niveau de 64% à 73%.

Dans ce plan décennal portant sur la période 2021-2030, l'Indonésie prévoit que 52% des nouvelles capacités électriques d'ici 2030 proviendront d'installations renouvelables (+ 21 GW). Ember appelle à investir dans des programmes massifs d'énergies renouvelables dans les régions charbonnières à l'origine de très importantes émissions de gaz à effet de serre.

À fin 2023, l'Indonésie comptait seulement 13 GW de capacités renouvelables installées, soit 3,3 GW de plus qu'en 2018.

Sources / Notes

1/ Soit 5 à 6 fois plus que le niveau de la consommation actuelle.
2/ Si les centrales à charbon déjà en service fonctionnent de façon efficace, l'Indonésie pourrait être en situation de surproduction d'électricité si le pays persiste à vouloir construire de nouvelles installations (qui seraient en outre des actifs « échoués »).

ACWA Power signs agreement for Indonesia’s first floating photovoltaic project

August 14, 2024 evwind

ACWA Power has signed a power purchase agreement with Indonesian state-owned company PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara for its inaugural floating solar PV project in the country.

The Saguling floating solar PV project, with a capacity of 60 megawatts, is being developed, in which ACWA Power owns a 49 percent stake, while the remainder is owned by Indonesia Power, a subsidiary of PLN.

PLN will act as a purchasing partner for this company, which supports Indonesia’s renewable energy goals, according to a press release.

This follows PLN’s selection of ACWA Power to develop two floating solar PV projects, including the Saguling and Singkarak floating solar PV projects, announced in late 2022.
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