Le coût du fuel dans le transport maritime va énormément augmenter :
Thomson Reuters Research estimates fuel accounts for about half a ship’s daily operating cost. Based on average fuel consumption of 20 to 80 tonnes a day (MT/day), a ship using cleaner fuel faces extra daily expenses of about $6,000 to $20,000.
For example, a VLCC, one of the biggest oil tankers at sea, will pay 25 percent more for its fuel, or an extra $500,000 on top of normal bill of $2 million, for a typical 25-day voyage from the Middle East to Japan.
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https://gcaptain.com/shippings-2020-low ... explained/
1 milliard pour upgrader une raffinerie avec une unité de cokefaction :
CAN REFINERS MEET NEW DEMAND?
The global refining industry needs to process an extra 2.5 million bpd of crude to make distillates for cleaner fuel, says Robert Herman, refining executive at Phillips 66.
Some refiners have invested in cutting sulphur in their output, but fitting hydrocracker or coker unit so that a refinery produces more distillates with lower sulphur content while reducing fuel oil output can cost about $1 billion, analysts say. Small refineries, unable to afford the upgrade, may find they are churning out fuel oil without finding buyers.
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Wood Mackenzie estimates that global shipping fuel costs are likely to rise by a quarter, or $24 billion, in 2020. Others estimate extra costs for container shipping alone will be $35 billion to $40 billion.
In addition, a surge in distillate demand by shippers could push up prices of other products, such as jet fuel and diesel.
“It’s going to make moving anything more expensive,” said AlphaTanker’s Wilson.